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AXIS GLOBAL
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Network Essentials Corp.
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AsianTech
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2/F Topy Main Building
#3 Economia St., Bagumbayan, Libis
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Tel: (+632) 636-8069 to 73
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Showroom:
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Facsimile: +63(2) 634 4184
Cebu Office:
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Facsimile: +63(32) 345 3049
Davao Office:
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Telephone: +63(82) 227 3660
Facsimile: +63(82) 227 3874
Millennium Computer Technology Corporation
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Tel: (63) 363-7777
Fax: (63) 330-7219 to 21
Axis distribution, Inc. - Fujitso Laptop
5/F Agustin1 Bldg.,F.Ortegas Jr Ave.,Ortigas Ctr.,Pasig City
sales@axis.com.ph
637-9991 to 95
Haldane Philippines Inc - BenQ Laptop
2339 Wincenter Bldg. Leon Guinto St Malate mla
info.hpi@wingroup.com.ph
521-1111 / 521-7921
WX Dynamics I T Solutions Inc - Laptop Batteries
9550D Taguig St, JP Rizal, Makati
tel:410-3155
fax:727-7633
mobile:09178299679
Showing posts with label I.T. Stuffs. Show all posts
Showing posts with label I.T. Stuffs. Show all posts
Tuesday, January 17, 2017
A Manager’s Guide to IT Terminology (Q-X)
QoS (quality of
service): the capability of a network to provide better service to selected
network traffic
over various
technologies
RAM (random access
memory): chips
capable of storing and later dumping data in preparation for other uses
RARP (reverse address
resolution protocol): protocol used to resolve an IP address from a given hardware
address (e.g., an
Ethernet address)
RAS (remote access
service): allows users to access the network through dial-up modem
connections
Receiver: destination of the
message or data
Recovery routine: enables a computer to
resume operation after encountering a problem, such as a power
outage or program error
Remote login: allows a user at one
computer to interact with another, as if the user’s computer is directly
attached to the remote
computer
Removable storage: a way to store
information on disks that can be removed and used on different systems;
most removable drives
(also known as floppy drives) use a hard 3.5 inch disk
Repeaters: regenerate and reshape
digital pulses and allow a signal to be transmitted further than a single
circuit can achieve
RIP (routing information
protocol): used by routers connecting LANs to exchange routing table
information
to determine the best
path through the network at any point in time
ROM (read-only memory): chips that store data
that needs to be maintained constantly
Routers: basic piece of network
hardware necessary to connect one network to another; makes decisions about
packet forwarding based
on IP address information in the packet; directs traffic between network
segments
RTMP (routing table
maintenance protocol): a communication protocol used by AppleTalk to ensure
that all routers on the
network have consistent routing information
SAPs (service access
points): represent
internal software addresses in the sending or receiving computer
SAR (segmentation and
reassembly): the process used to fragment and rebuild packets that allows them
to be transported across
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
SDH (synchronous digital
hierarchy): international counterpart of SONET
SDRAM (synchronous
dynamic random access memory): version of DRAM that allows for
increased speed
SEAL (simple and
efficient AAL): method of relaying ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) cells between
ATM Layer and a higher
layer
Section layer: layer of the OSI
physical layer that creates frames, monitors the conditions of the transmission
between the SONET
equipment, and converts optical signals to and from electrical signals
Security routines: protect data and
applications from unauthorized use, execution, or change
Semaphores: messages sent when a
file is opened that prevent other users from opening the same file at
the same time and
compromising the integrity of the data
Serial port: handles data one bit at
a time traveling sequentially across a single line from one device to the next
Server: a computer that provides
services to the other workstations
Simplex transmission: the information always
flows from the transmitter to one or more receivers with no
provision for a return
signal; like radio and TV broadcasts
SMLI (stateful
multi-layer inspection): similar to application gateways; however, no proxy is used
between the network and
the Internet
SMLIS (stateful multilayer
inspection servers): sophisticated firewalls that inspect each frame for suspicious
communications
SMTP (simple mail
transfer protocol): electronic mail service that allows a user to send or receive
messages
SNA (systems network
architecture): IBM’s mainframe network standards
SNMP (simple network
management protocol): application layer protocol in the TCP/IP family; provides
remote network
management capabilities to a network administrator; implemented with
centralized management
stations that collect network
information from agents throughout the network; can also send commands
to the agents to alter
the configuration or status of remote devices
SOCKS (an abbreviation
of SOCKetS): protocol for handling TCP though a proxy server; library of
software
added to an individual
application for secure communication through the firewall
SOCKS servers: specialized servers for
prearranged communications through a firewall
Software: instructions that tell
computers how and under what circumstances to function
SONET (synchronous
optical network): standardized hierarchy of digital transmission rates for North
American and ITU-T rates
SQL (structured query
language): computer language used to create, retrieve, update, and delete
data
from relational database
and/or object-relational database management systems; pronounced “sequel”
StartTopology: physical topology where
all devices attach to a common wiring point; alternative to
Bus topology
SRAM (static random
access memory): holds information until the electricity is turned off; faster and
more expensive than
DRAM; most computer manufacturers use SRAM for caching
STDM (statistical
time-division multiplexing): a method for transmitting several types of data
simultaneously
across a single
transmission cable or line
STM-1 (synchronous
transport module, level 1): the basic rate of transmission of the SDH ITU-T
fiber
optic network
transmission standard
Storage devices: means of storing data in
the computer system for later retrieval and use
STS-1 (synchronous
transport signal, level 1): base signal in SONET (synchronous optical
network)
Subnetting: logical segmentation of
the network into smaller, more manageable parts
SVCs (switched virtual
circuits): use a real, shared circuit path in the service provider’s backbone
for the
duration of the call or
connection only
Switched lines: another name for dial-up
or circuit switched lines
Switches: intelligent devices that
look at the destination MAC address in a frame and decide whether it
should be forwarded or
filtered; work like bridges with more ports; make decisions in hardware rather
than
software for a faster
response
Switching: preferred method of
interconnecting devices in the LAN environment; provides greater throughput
at lesser cost than
traditional routers
T1: leased-line services
from telephone companies that provide the most popular high-speed connectivity;
E1
is the European version,
J1 the Japanese version
Tbps: Trillions of bits per
second
TCP/IP (transmission
control protocol/Internet protocol): dominant protocol suite used in networking
TCP (transport control
protocol): connection-oriented, reliable protocol that has end-to-end
responsibility
for making sure that
information arrives without errors and in the correct order
TDM (time-division
multiplexing): used in the T1 frame format; different channels are multiplexed by
being assigned their own
individual time slots
Threads: individual processes
within a single application
Three-layer Network
Model: shows
network communications as a set of three conversations
Transmitter: source that generates
the message or data
Transport layer: layer that is
responsible for delivering information in sequence and to the correct end-user
Trap: SNMP protocol function
used by the agent in a managed device to report important events or alarms
Topology: the physical (how the
wires are laid out) and/or logical (how the wires work) arrangement of the
devices on the network
UART (universal
asynchronous receiver/transmitter): a computer component that handles asynchronous
serial communication;
pronounced U-art
UDP (user datagram
protocol): connectionless, unreliable protocol that exchanges datagrams
without
acknowledgments or
guaranteed delivery; requires error processing and retransmission by other
protocols
USB (universal serial
bus) port: designed to replace the RS-232 connection with one that can handle
up
to 127 devices; comes in
15 Mbps or 12 Mbps speed
USENET (USEr NETwork): Internet service that
enables open forum discussions with people all over the
world through newsgroups
User interface: how you interact with
the computer
Utility routines: diagnostic, tracing,
monitoring, and resource housekeeping functions
UTP (unshielded
twisted-pair): the most common cable used in computer networking
VBR (variable bit rate):
transmissions
that are not time sensitive - the receiving computer can reconstruct the
information regardless
of how quickly or in what order the parts are received; also called “bursty”
transmission
VCI (virtual channel
identifier): identifies the virtual channel between ATM switch nodes
VoIP (Voice over
Internet Protocol): routing of voice conversations over the Internet or through any
other IP-based network;
also called telephone, broadband phone
Volatile memory: chips that lose whatever
information they are holding if power is interrupted
VPI (virtual path
identifier): traces the virtual path, from endpoint-to-endpoint, through the
ATM network
WDM (wavelength-division
multiplexing): when two or more different wavelengths of light each carrying
information are
multiplexed together on a fiber link, and demultiplexed at the receiving end to
recapture
the individual
information carried by each wavelength used
WAN (wide area network):
geographically
dispersed network of computers
WC3 (World Wide Web
Consortium): user and developer forum dedicated to developing interoperable
Web technologies
(specifications, guidelines, software, and tools)
Wi-Fi: describes the underlying
technology of wireless local area networks (WLAN) based on IEEE specifications;
originally developed for
mobile computing devices in LANs, but is now used for more services, including
Internet and VoIP phone
access
Wireless: telecommunications in
which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal
over part or all of the
communication path
Word size: number of bits that a processor
can manipulate at a time
WPAN (wireless personal
area networks): wireless network for interconnecting devices centered around
an individual person's
workspace; typically limited to a 10 meter range
WLAN (wireless local
area network): computer network used for wireless communications among computer
devices (including
telephones and PDAs); also known as LAWN (local area wireless network)
WWW (World Wide Web): server-based application
that organizes information using hypermedia
xDSL (digital subscriber
line): technologies
that provide digital data transmission over the wires of a local
telephone network
XML (extensible markup
language): W3C (World Wide Web consortium)-recommended general-purpose
markup language that
supports a wide variety of applications
A Manager’s Guide to IT Terminology (I-P)
ICANN (Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers): non-profit corporation created to
oversee Internet-related
tasks previously performed for the U.S. Government by other organizations;
tasks
include managing the
assignment of domain names and IP addresses, and introducing new generic
top-level
domains; pronounced “I
can”
ICMP (Internet control
protocol message protocol): network layer protocol provided with TCP/IP;
used
to report errors and
provide other information relevant to IP packet processing
IEEE (Institute of Electronic
consensus standards for
network wiring and other technologies; pronounced “eye-triple-E”
IGMP (Internet group
management protocol): a communications protocol used to manage the membership
of IP multicast groups
IGP (interior gateway
protocol): set of routing protocols used within an autonomous system
IGRP (interior gateway
routing protocol): developed by Cisco to provide a robust protocol for rerouting
within an autonomous
system (AS); a type of IGP
ILECs (incumbent local
exchange carriers): a telephone company providing local service when the
Telecommunications Act
of 1996 was enacted (see CLEC)
ILP (initial loader
program): reads an existing file containing database records; also called a
boot-loader
Input/output management
routines: provide orderly control and flow of information between a
computer’s
main memory and attached
peripheral devices
Interface: point in the system
where the rules, control codes, formats, and information direction (as dictated
by the protocol) are
implemented
Interior protocols: routing protocol used
within/interior to an independent/ autonomous system
Internet layer: part of the TCP/IP model
that performs the same function as the network layer of the OSI model
Internetworking: connecting one network
to another network
Interprocess
communication: allows programs to share information dynamically, whether running
locally
or remotely
I/O (Input/output
devices): hardware used to enter and retrieve data from the system
IP (internet protocol): network layer protocol
provided with TCP/IP; connectionless, unreliable protocol that
provides features for
addressing, type or service specification, fragmentation and reassembly, and
security
IP address (internet
protocol address): logical address assigned to every workstation, server, printer,
and
router on any
interconnected network
IPX/SPX (Internetwork
packet exchange/sequenced packet exchange): a networking protocol used
by the Novell NetWare
operating systems; it is a datagram protocol used for connectionless communications
IRC (Internet relay
chat): allows
groups to communicate interactively via keyboard and screen display
ISDN (Integrated
Services Digital Network): a circuit-switched telephone network system designed to
allow digital
transmission of voice and data over ordinary copper telephone wires
ISDN PRI: switched-line service
from telephone companies that operates over T1 (or E1/J1) facilities
IS-IS (intermediate
system-to-intermediate system): an interior gateway protocol (IGP) intended for
use within an administrative
domain or network
ISPs (Internet service
providers): businesses or organizations that provide consumers with access to
the
Internet and related
services
IT (information
technology): broad term that can refer to anything from mainframes to PDAs; any
technology
that moves information
(voice, video, or data)
ITU-T (ITU
Telecommunication Standardization Sector): coordinates standards for
telecommunications
on behalf of the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
IXC (interexchange
carrier): a telephone company that provides connections between local
exchanges in
different geographic
areas
Jitter: distortion in a digital
signal caused by a shift in timing pulses; can cause data interpretation errors
JPEG (Joint
Photographics Experts Group): a lossy compression technique for color images;
pronounced
jay-peg (see Lossy)
Kbps (thousands of bits
per second): a measure of data transfer speed
kHz (kilohertz): a unit of measurement of
frequency, also known as cycles per second; e.g., one kilohertz
equals 1,000 Hz, or
cycles per second
LAN (local area
network): network that operates within a small geographic area, usually
within a building,
office, or department
LAPB (link access protocol,
balanced): a data link protocol in the X.25 stack
LATAs (local access and
transport areas): In the US, refers to a geographic region assigned to one or
more telephone companies
for providing communication services
Layer 2 switches: interpret and make
switching decisions on the LAN hardware adapter address contained
in the data link header
of MAC frames; forward frames only to the destination hardware address
contained in
the frame
LCI (logical channel
identifier): used to define frequencies in use on M/A-COM EDACS (Enhanced
Digital
Access Communications
System) systems and LTR (logic trunked radio) systems; more commonly known as
logical
channel number (see
LCN); also known as virtual channel;
LCN (logical channel
number): used
to define frequencies in use on M/A-COM EDACS (Enhanced Digital
Access Communications
System) systems and LTR (logic trunked radio) systems; also known as the
logical
channel identifier (see
LCI); also known as virtual channel
LE (local exchange): a regulatory term in
telecommunications for local telephone company
Leased lines: another name for private
lines, dedicated lines, or permanent circuits
LEC (local exchange
carrier): a public telephone company in the US
LGN (logical channel
group number): together with the LCN (in the X.25 packet header), identifies the
actual logical channel
number of the DTE-DCE link; a 4-bit field representing a number between 0 and
15
Line layer: layer of the OSI
physical layer that is responsible for synchronizing and multiplexing multiple
streams of data into one
SONET stream within SONET frames; also monitors and administers SONET
multiplexers
LLC (logical link
control): standard interface allowing any combination of MAC techniques and
physical
media to be used
simultaneously in the same workstations; shields higher layer protocols from
the peculiarities
of the physical medium
Logical segmentation
devices: allow
network designers to maintain separate networks (often for security
reasons) that can still
communicate with one another
Lossy: data compression method
where compressing and then decompressing retrieves data that may well be
different from the
original, but is "close enough" to be useful in some way
LU (logical unit): identifies an end-user
in IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
MAC (media access
control) address: unique 6-byte address associated with and coded into each network
interface card (NIC);
address assignment is controlled by the IEEE
MAN (metropolitan area
network): connects sites in and around a large city
MB (megabyte): unit of information or
computer storage equal to either exactly one million bytes or, in some
cases, 1,048,567 bytes,
or more rarely, 1,024,000 bytes; not to be confused with Mb, which stands for
megabits
Mbps (megabits per
second): a
unit of information storage; not to be confused with MB or megabytes
Medium: transmission, or system
that carries the message or data
MAU (medium attachment
unit): converts
signals on an Ethernet cable to and from AUI signals.
Memory: desk space of the
computer system; microchips located on the motherboard that hold data and
instructions for the CPU
(central processing unit)
Memory management: allocates memory to
separate tasks and protects data from corruption
Menu: used in some DOS shells
and early versions of Windows; an improvement on the command line but
cumbersome when a task
requires the submenu of a submenu of a submenu of a menu item
Message: information content to
be shared
MHz (megahertz): one hertz is one cycle
per second; a megahertz is equal to one million cycles per second
MIB (management
information base): a type of database used to manage the devices in a communications
network
MPEG (Motion Picture
Experts Group): digital video format identified by “.mpg” extension after the file
name; a working group of
ISO/IEC charged with the development of video and audio encoding standards;
pronounced
m-peg
MPLS (multiprotocol
label switching): an initiative that integrates Layer 2 information about network
links (bandwidth,
latency, utilization) into Layer 3 (IP) within a particular autonomous system
to simplify and
improve IP packet
exchange
Mpps (millions of
packets per second): a measurement of information sent per second
Multiplexing: process of putting
multiple signals on a wire simultaneously
Multiport repeaters: allow multiple devices
to be wired to a central location, share the same media, and
regenerate (repeat) the
signal; also referred to as active hubs
Multitasking routines: permit two or more
distinct tasks to be performed concurrently by the computer
Name resolution: process by which the
peer-to-peer name used on each conversational level is related to
other levels
NAP (network access
point): transitional
data communications facilities at which Network Service
Providers (NSPs) would
exchange traffic, in replacement of the publicly-financed NSFNet Internet
backbone;
now replaced by modern
IXPs
NAT (network address
translator): involves re-writing the source and/or destination addresses of IP
packets
as they pass through a
router or firewall; also called network masquerading, native address
translation, or
IP-masquerading
NetBIOS (network basic
input/output system): allows applications on separate computers to communicate
over a local area
network (LAN)
Network access layer: allows a computer to
exchange data with another computer over a common network
medium; part of the
TCP/IP model that performs the same functions as the data link and physical
layers
of the OSI model
Network address: part of an IP address
that is uniquely assigned by one of the ICANN-sanctioned agencies
Network design: how the various clients
and servers are arranged for purposes of connectivity, performance,
and security
NOS (network operating
system): optimizes
the client/server architecture; provides and supports network
services such as file
services, e-mail, Internet and intranet services, and applications
NIC (network interface
card): hardware
adapter that provides communication capabilities; responsible for
building, transmitting,
receiving, and decoding frames in a LAN environment; serves as the interface
between
the networked devices
and the connecting wires
NNTP (network news
transfer protocol): makes USENET possible; protocol for the distribution, inquiry,
retrieval, and posting
of news articles using a reliable stream-based transmission of news among the
ARPAInternet
community
Nonvolatile memory: chips that hold
information even when the system is turned off
NRZ-L (non-return to
zero level): form of digital encoding; negative voltage is used to represent a
binary
1, and a positive
voltage is used to represent a binary 0
NSP (network service
provider): a business or organization that sells bandwidth or network access
by
providing direct
backbone access to the Internet, and usually access to it’s network access
points (see NAP)
OC1 (optical carrier, level
1): a
fiber optic connection capable of transferring data at 51.85 Mbps
Operating environment: how the OS controls the
hardware and application programs
OS (operating system): interface between the
application (word processor, spreadsheet, etc.) and the computer
hardware
OSI (open systems
interconnection) model: developed to provide a view of the distinct functionalities
that are required to
implement each protocol layer; defines a complete range of functions that can
be achieved
with data communications
equipment
OSPF (open shortest path
first): a
link-state hierarchical interior gateway protocol (see IGP) for network
routing protocol
Packet filters: security method that
filter by IP address; not adequate security for a network
Packets: data structures that
collectively represent the transmission stream (headers and data); associated
with the network layer
when the communication protocol is connection-oriented
PAD (packet
assembler/disassembler): assembles X25 packets on the sending end for transmission
over
the X25 PSDN, or
disassembles X25 packets on the receiving end for onward transmission to the
local network
Parallel port: port where the bits
travel down parallel paths, arriving one byte at a time; can supply more
bytes of data per unit
time
Passive hubs: used in a LAN
environment; special form of repeater that allow multiple devices to be wired
into a central location
and share the same media; do not regenerate (repeat) the signal
Path layer: layer of the OSI
physical layer that is responsible for reliable end-to-end transport and
payload
delivery, including
automatic recovery from failure points
PBX (private branch
exchange): a telephone exchange that serves a particular business or office
PC (personal computer): a microcomputer whose
price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals
PCI (peripheral
component interconnect): a computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a
computer motherboard
PCM (pulse code
modulation): process for converting from analog to digital
PDA (personal digital
assistant): hand-held computer with a touch screen
PDU (protocol data
unit): information
that is delivered as a unit among peer entities of a network; in layered
systems, a unit of data
that is specified in a protocol of a given layer
Phase: where in the wave cycle
the wave currently is; measured in degrees
Peer-to-peer networks: network in which each
computer is capable of functioning as a client and a server;
users on the network can
freely share resources on their computer or access shared resources on other
computers
Photonic layer: layer of the OSI
physical layer that specifies fiber cable with optical light sources and
receivers
Physical segmentation
devices: divide
collision domains to improve network performance
between two TCP/IP
network devices
POP (Post Office
Protocol): how clients access their mailboxes on the messaging server;
usually done in its
third version, POP3
POPs (points of
presence): an artificial demarcation point or interface point between
communications entities
POST (power-on
self-test): the pre-boot sequence for a computer, router, or printer
POTS (plain old
telephone service): standard telephone service, the basic form of residential and
small
business telephone
service
PRI (primary rate
interface): an integrated services digital network (ISDN) configuration,
usually intended
for large users (see also
BRI)
Process and application
layer: Part
of the TCP/IP model that performs the same functions as the application,
presentation, and
session layers of the OSI model
Processor: brain of the computer
system where calculations and decisions are made; also referred to as the CPU
Processor memory: referred to as the L1
(level 1), an interface between the processor and the cache
Protocol: set of rules used to
control the exchange of information that is understood by the transmitter and
receivers
Proxy server: sits between the network
router and the Internet; talks to the Internet on behalf of a network’s
resources, allowing real
network addresses to be hidden
PSDN (packet-switched
data network): a publicly available network supporting packet-switched data,
separate from PSTN
PSTN (public switched
telephone network): the network of the world’s public circuit-switched telephone
networks; in much the
same way the Internet is the network of the worlds’ public IP-based
packetswitched
networks
PU (physical unit): a value or magnitude
conventionally adopted as a unit or standard of physical measurements
(e.g., length, mass, and
time); identifies a network node that supports communication sessions between
logical units (LU) which
represent end users in IBM's SNA,
Pure play: newly developed business
built on advantages afforded by e-commerce
PVCs (permanent virtual
circuits): use a real, shared circuit in the service provider’s backbone
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